Posts tagged History

The History of the Picts document.body.offsetHeight ? document.body.scrollHeight : document.body.offsetHeight + ‘px’)}*:first-child+html
#TB_window{position:fixed;background:#fff;z-index:99102;color:#000;display:none;border:4px
solid #525252;text-align:left;top:50%;left:50%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden}#TB_window{position:fixed;background:#fff;z-index:99102;color:#000;display:none;border:4px
solid #525252;text-align:left;top:50%;left:50%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden}* html
#TB_window{position:absolute;margin-top:expression(0 – parseInt(this.offsetHeight / 2) + (TBWindowMargin = document.documentElement && document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop) + ‘px’)}#TB_window
img#TB_Image{display:block;margin:15px
0 0 15px;border-right:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;border-top:1px solid #666;border-left:1px solid #666}#TB_caption{height:25px;padding:7px
30px 10px 25px;float:left}#TB_closeWindow{height:28px;padding:11px
25px 10px 0;float:right}#TB_closeAjaxWindow{padding:7px
10px 5px 0;margin-bottom:1px;text-align:right;float:right}#TB_closeAjaxWindow
img{vertical-align:middle}#TB_ajaxWindowTitle{float:left;padding:7px
0 5px 10px;margin-bottom:1px;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px}#TB_title{background-color:#e8e8e8;height:27px}#TB_ajaxContent{clear:both;padding:2px
15px 15px 15px;overflow:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.4em}#TB_ajaxContent.TB_modal{padding:15px}#TB_ajaxContent
p{padding:5px
0px 5px 0px}#TB_load{position:fixed;display:none;height:13px;width:208px;z-index:103;top:50%;left:50%;margin: -6px 0 0 -104px}* html
#TB_load{position:absolute;margin-top:expression(0 – parseInt(this.offsetHeight / 2) + (TBWindowMargin = document.documentElement && document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop)+’px’)}#TB_HideSelect{z-index:99;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;background-color:#fff;border:none;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;height:100%;width:100%}* html
#TB_HideSelect{position:absolute;height:expression(document.body.scrollHeight > document.body.offsetHeight ? document.body.scrollHeight : document.body.offsetHeight+’px’)}#TB_iframeContent{clear:both;border:none;margin-bottom:-1px;margin-top:1px;_margin-bottom:1px}dl.accordion-menu{margin:0;padding:0;clear:both;width:154px;border:1px
solid #dcdcdc;border-top:none;margin-bottom:15px}dl.accordion-menu dt.a-m-t{margin:0;background:url(http://images.articlesbase.com/sprite_category_menu.png) left top no-repeat;background-position:0px -29px;height:18px;padding:4px
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a{display:block;float:left;width:125px;height:18px;padding:4px
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span{text-decoration:none;border:1px
solid #fff;height:18px;padding:2px
0 0 10px;background:url(http://images.articlesbase.com/sprite_category_menu.png) left top no-repeat;background-position:-151px -104px;outline:none;display:block;cursor:pointer}.bd a:hover, .bd span:hover{background:url(http://images.articlesbase.com/sprite_category_menu.png) left top no-repeat;background-position:-151px -124px;;color:#06C}.bd
a.active{background:url(http://images.articlesbase.com/sprite_category_menu.png) left top no-repeat;background-position:-151px -124px;color:#06C}.bc{background:white}.bc a, .bc
span{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #dcdcdc;height:18px;padding:4px
0 0 5px;background:url(http://images.articlesbase.com/sprite_category_menu.png) left top no-repeat;background-position:0px -79px;outline:none;display:block;cursor:pointer}.bc a:hover, .bc span:hover{background:none;color:#06C}.bc
a.active{background:none;color:#06C}#facebox
.b{background:url(http://js.articlesbase.com/facebox/b.png)}#facebox
.tl{background:url(http://js.articlesbase.com/facebox/tl.png)}#facebox
.tr{background:url(http://js.articlesbase.com/facebox/tr.png)}#facebox
.bl{background:url(http://js.articlesbase.com/facebox/bl.png)}#facebox
.br{background:url(http://js.articlesbase.com/facebox/br.png)}#facebox{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:8500;text-align:left}#facebox
.popup{position:relative}#facebox
table{border-collapse:collapse}#facebox
td{border-bottom:0;padding:0}#facebox
.body{padding:10px;background:#fff;width:370px}#facebox
.loading{text-align:center}#facebox
.image{text-align:center}#facebox
img{border:0;margin:0}#facebox
.footer{border-top:1px solid #DDD;padding-top:5px;margin-top:10px;text-align:right}#facebox .tl, #facebox .tr, #facebox .bl, #facebox
.br{height:10px;width:10px;overflow:hidden;padding:0}#facebox_overlay{position:fixed;top:0px;left:0px;height:100%;width:100%}.facebox_hide{z-index:-100}.facebox_overlayBG{background-color:#000;z-index:99}* html
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.messages{line-height:16px;background:#f7f7f7;padding:10px;font-size:12px;color:#090;border:1px
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.qa_avatar{float:left;width:60px;min-height:185px;_height:185px;padding:12px
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.qa_question_content{float:left;width:536px;padding:22px
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span{color:#f90;font-size:11px;padding:0
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.qa_google_ad{width:536px;clear:both;padding-top:12px}.qa_question_box
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Home Page > Education > History > The History of the Picts

The History of the Picts

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Posted: Jan 05, 2011 |Comments: 0
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Recent research has resolved a number of the enigmas,that have been  associated,with the inhabitants of Pictavia.Their lands extended from the Shetlands to a line approximately between the Firth of Forth and The Clyde River,Scotland.Place names on Ptolemy’s second century ADE map of Britain suggests,that during the Roman period the people, who occupied the traditional Pict homelands,spoke a version of the P Celtic language, with a possible Bronze Age component.It probably varied from the P Celtic that was spoken in Wales,because the two populations were separated from each other during and possibly prior to the Roman occupation of England and Wales.The P Celtic word for pit translates to a portion of land.There are about three hundred place names north of the Firth of Forth that begin with pit.Aber means river mouth or confluence in P Celtic[eg:Aberdeen,Abernethy,etc]. When St Columba communicated with  the Pict King Brude,he required the services of an interpreter,which suggests that Brude may have spoken a version of P Celtic [T Clarkson,2008].

The mtDNA sequences of 170 samples from the ancient Pict homelands of Grampian and Tayside were compared with ca 5000 blood donar specimens,which were collected from over the breadth of Scotland.The results did not reveal any significant variation with females from the mainland of Scotland..Pictavia. mtDNA does differ from those in the Shetland Islands and Orkney,where there is a strong Norse overprint.This study indicated that Picts and Celts have a similar underlying Mesolithic genetic origin.The mtDNA  samples from Ireland,the Hebrides and the western seaboard of Scotland have a Mediterranean,Neolithic expansion component.The distribution of male Y chromosome genes is more complex.Among the Argyll specimens in SW Scotland about one third of the native genes have been replaced [by an influx of males from Dol Riata,Ireland?]. Extant Argyll Y chromosomes have a closer affinity to Hebrides samples,than to those in the highlands of Scotland and Pictavia.The Norse contributed to the male gene pool along Scotland’s west coast and the Hebrides.The Grampian and Tayside individuals only had a 2% Norse content.No Nordic longhouse remains or place names have been identified in these former Pict domains. [B Skyes,2006].The Picts had primarily indigenous genetic origins with no evident foreign component.

The Romans named the warriors,who painted their bodies north of the Firth of Forth Picts.Tacitus described them as fair or red headed,with long limbs similar to Gauls.A painted Pict pebble at Old Scatness on the Shetlands has been dated to ca 400-200? BCE.The Picts erected stone broches on a number of Scotland’s islands ca 1-200 ADE.Pict nobles occupied strong holds that were protected by the natural terrain and fortifications,which contained timber halls and subsidiary buildings [J Clarkson,2008].By the third centuary ADE two Pict confederacies had been formed.The Caledonians were prominent in the north and the Maeatus held sway in the south.Roman records and Hadrian’s wall attest to their military prowess,which successfully resisted persistent Roman endeavours to subjugate them. Pict ships allowed them to bypass Hadrian’s wall and raid coastal areas to the south [[L Lang,2006].When the Roman emporer Honorus told the people of Britain [410 ADE],that there would be no more military intervention from Rome,new kingdoms [eg:Stratheclyde] emerged to threaten the southern border of Pictavia.Its boundaries fluctuated temporally and were usually more extensive,when there was a strong king on the throne.Pict monarchs did not have a bureaucracy or a civil service.They generally fought with the common soldiers on the battle field and there were frequent royal causalities.The chronology of the Pict kings is difficult to resolve.There  are more written records for the past 550 ADE period [T Clarkson,2008].

Pict art emphasizes the social status of horse warriors and a knowledge of seafaring. Horses were prized and were often depicted on symbolic stone petrographs.They were accomplished artists,who made high quality,naturalistic,animal drawings.Pict stone carvings were generally superior to those in England [M Carver,2008].Between 40 or 50 symbols appear on ca 245 Pict stones.A number only appear once and their symbol classification is tenous.Normally symbols appear in combinations of  2 or 4.There is usually a pair,which is comprised of an animal and an abstact symbol.Symbols do not overlap and seldom touch.There are no local distributions or concentrations of any one group,which could infer that their meaning was understood throughout Pictavia [speculation]. Fauna included horses,bulls,boars,stags, wolves,bears,fish eagles,geese, serpents,the Pict beast and the S dragon.Abstract symbols have a variety of classifications [eg:crescent,V rod].Their interpretation and chronology are equivocal.During the late Pict era,when Christianity gained momentum,the traditional symbols fell into disuse.There is minimal information about Pict rituals,divinities,and religious beliefs prior to the arrival of St Colulba ca 563 ADE [L Liang,2006].The Picts made a variety of elaborate jewelry and metal weapons.Excavations indicate that there was an abundance of precious metals in circulation [A Moffat,2005].

Picts lived in a variety of structures,which varied regionally and temporally [eg:broche dwellings,ring forts and hill forts].Stone wheel houses with radial piers appear to have replaced broche structures on Orkney  and were still in use,when the Norse arrived. Earthen wheel house on the Hebrides followed a similar pattern.Cellular homes were built ca 200-600 ADE at some locales [eg:Coilegan on Udail and on North Uist:L Lang,2006].The religious endeavours of St Columba do not appear to have had an immediate impact on the picts,who were relatively slow to accept Christianity [T Clarkson,2008].

The Pict kings gained their thrones through the matriliny line of royal inheritance.Ca 25% of Pict monarchs were succeeded by their brothers,which is compatible with this mode of succession.Most royal princes obtained their names from a small selection of names.Sons of foreign fathers and Pict mothers were often given one of these names, which made them eligible to assume the throne.At least three Dalriada individuals gained control of the Pict confederacy in this manner [ibid].

Brude,son of Malcolm ruled Pictavia from ca 554-584 ADE.He appears to have defeated the Dalriada in battle at Argyll,which enabled him to expand the boundaries of his realm.He became a Christian and “may” have granted St Columba ground for a monastry on the island of Iona.Brude might have extended his sphere of influence to Orkney,because the king of Orkney’s family resided in Brude’s court.The scope of Brude’s kingdom can not be determined with any degree of confidence.Ca 650 Ade the Northumbrians from south of the border in England moved northward and forced the Picts to pay tribute,before the Picts defeated them in battle on the 20th of May 685 ADE.Subsequently the Picts occupied Lothian.Ca 711 ADE Northumbrian forces were victorious over the Picts and ca 700ADE the Dalriada finally triumphed over the Picts from Skye and the Western Isles.The Pict king,Nechtan.was forced to negotiate a treaty with the Northumbrians that was unpopular with the Pict nobles.There was considerable discontent in Pictavia from ca 713-729 ADE [ibid].

Nechtan was succeeded by Oengus,who had mixed military fortunes during his reign,that ended ca 761 ADE.However Oengus extended control over a much larger area than any other Pict ruler.Ca 793 ADE the Norse began to raid the coastlines of Scotland.The combined forces of Dalriada and Picts suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of the Norse.,which permanently weaken the Picts.The Pict matriliny,royal heritage tradition began to disintegrate.This tradition had prevented power from been dominated by one kindred,because intermarriage ensured a rotation of authority.After stopping the Norse advance,Alpin of the Dalriada became king of the Picts and was succeeded by his son, Cinead.The latter extinguished the last challenge to his leadership ca 848 ADE and established a hereditary monarchy at Forteviot.He forged a number of astute alliances to secure his postion.Ca858ADE Cinead and the Picts were relegated to history.

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